Hebrew History Essay

Question #1 What were the significant times/occasions in Hebrew history? What significance do they have in Western Civilizations? Is the Bible a sensibly precise hotspot for the History of the Jewish individuals from the Egyptian bondage to the Babylonian imprisonment? The historical backdrop of the Hebrew individuals is set apart by war, inner clash and a progressing battle for endurance. En route, the Hebrews have created a rich embroidered artwork of achievements through steadiness and confidence. Over and over, most of the Hebrew individuals have been subjugated. At different occasions, they were ground-breaking and unchallenged leaders of their space. A course of events of Jewish history shows these noteworthy differences. The best contemporary hotspot for the early causes of the Hebrew individuals is the Bible. This book contains a nitty gritty sequence of the Hebrew individuals, their way of life and their confidence longer than a centuries-in length time range. The initial five books of the Bible contain the Jewish Torah. These five books follow the making of the world, its demolition by flood, the subjugation of the Jewish individuals, their departure, and the foundation of the country of Israel. The flourishing country, would not last, however. It was enslaved by the Babylonians during the 700s B.C.E. In the middle of the Egyptian and Babylon oppressions, the Hebrew individuals took an epic excursion. As per the Bible Moses drove the Israelites out of Egypt in around 1446 B.C.E. Not long after, The Ten Commandments were given by God, establishing the framework for all future Jewish law. Thirty years after the Israelites entered Canaan, the Judges started their standard. A terrific sanctuary was finished in Jerusalem in around 959 B.C.E. Various severe wars followed in the following century. Israel itself had become a partitioned country at this point. A debilitated Israel had fallen hostage to the Babylonians by around 586 B.C.E. The Torah is basically a contemporary record, composed by Moses and other early Jewish pioneers. It ranges from the production of the world to the section of the Hebrews into Canaan in the wake of getting away from the Egyptians. The remainder of the Old Testament annals the historical backdrop of the Israeli country, notwithstanding containing various petitions, tunes, predictions and records of wonderful happenings. Aside from the Biblical record, the Jewish individuals are referenced in Egyptian writings going back to 1440 B.C.E. Early Jewish history is personally attached to the antiquated Egyptian domains. Hebrew history has profoundly affected Western Civilization. The Christian Bible, which contains the Jewish Torah alongside hundreds of years of authentic records of Jewish culture, is as yet the most generally read book on the planet. Christ himself was Jewish. The Hebrews additionally contributed specialized information toward the Western world. For instance, the acclaimed glassmakers of Italy were gone before by the Jewish glassmakers of old occasions. It is they who were principally liable for acquainting this craftsmanship with the world. For some, the Bible is the main dependable source following history back to its beginnings. For Christians and non-Christians the same it shapes view of our general surroundings. Standard Hebrews never acknowledged the Bible’s New Testament as tenet. Rather than being the savior, Christ is viewed as a prophet or educator. As Christianity spread the world over, the Hebrew individuals were progressively scapegoated for Christ’s demise and mistreated for their dismissal of him as the savior. A profound enemy of Semitism set in across Europe and spread to the new world. This has brought about desperate outcomes since the beginning and particularly in the twentieth century. The Bible is a nitty gritty and moving record of Jewish history. It is developed dually as a book of history and a book of confidence. In this manner, it can't be relied upon to give a total image of the considerable number of complexities present in the advancement of the Hebrew country. It is composed from the point of view of a little portion of the members. In the next hundreds of years researchers changed a few segments of the content. Some different parts were erased or lost. Given the absence of interchange points of view in the Bible, plainly the journalists and overseers of it took remarkable consideration to present and protect the story as they trusted it to be. Accordingly it gives us a progression of signs that, by and large, are affirmed by other old writings and oral customs. The subtleties will consistently involve singular recognition, yet the Bible gives a moderately precise guide to the historical backdrop of these unprecedented individuals. The most basic occasion throughout the entire existence of Judaism is their liberation from 400 years of subjection to the Egyptian Pharaoh. As indicated by the Bible, Moses and his sibling Aaron were picked to lead the Hebrew individuals on this wonderful getaway. After a few infections were put upon the Egyptian individuals the Pharaoh was at long last persuaded to release the individuals. He before long altered his perspective, however the Red Sea gobbled up the Egyptian armed force as they attempted to seek after the Hebrews. The Hebrew clans lived in the desert for a long time until God permitted them to enter the guaranteed place where there is Canaan. While the Hebrews were in the desert a large number of the Jewish customs and conventions were made that are as yet drilled today. Entering Canaan would not be simple, be that as it may. The Israelites battled and crushed a significant number of the clans previously living in the zone. The land was isolated into twelve subsections, one for every one of the twelve clans of Israel. Several years of wars and in-battling followed as the country of Israel attempted to set up itself. Archeological proof found as of late appears to affirm numerous occasions related in the Bible. The proof additionally brings up more issues, be that as it may. Prehistoric studies and present day science has its impediments. A significant number of the significant occasions in the Bible are upheld up by present day proof. It is progressively hard to learn why and how these occasions occurred. Question #2 How were the monetary establishments of the Roman and the Han realms comparative? How would you represent the likeness? How were they unique? What were the outcomes of the distinctions? During the Han line, the Chinese economy experienced significant changes. Toward the start of the period the economy was principally founded on means cultivating. Exchanging action was insignificant and most homesteads were little family-run activities. Later in this period, a progressively generous exchange arrange rose. A laborer class to some degree subject to exchange markets turned out to be progressively broad. Grain and rice were the essential yields of the locale. They were regularly used to pay for different products and ventures. Rice crops were especially powerful as ranchers continually improved their cultivating techniques. A pattern toward commercialization of these items described this period. Industry additionally started to develop during this period. Innovators, so productive during the early piece of the tradition, started to linger behind their partners on different landmasses during the late piece of the line. The development of exchange organizes likewise evaporated. The caused a financial powerlessness that adversaries would viably misuse. The Roman Empire turned into a financial powerhouse dependent on its constant victory of new regions. In the end, this quality would become shortcomings. The Roman economy had a few distinct shortcomings that assumed a job in a definitive breakdown of the realm. The Roman Empire economy spent significant time in extravagance merchandise, engineering and foundation, and making war-related materiel’. In pre-success times the Roman economy was a lot littler, however it was additionally better adjusted. Homesteads encompassed and provided a focal city-state where shippers, tradesmen and an expert class worked. The development of the realm constrained the Romans to receive another financial framework dependent on both silver and gold. The accessibility of these metals fluctuated making the estimation of each in connection the other to change much of the time. This creation created turmoil and an absence of full confidence in the financial framework in the years when the realm was extending most quickly. This, thusly, put everything out on the table for additional challenges not far off. As the domain turned out to be less brought together the expense of keeping up it rose reliably. In the interim pay incomes were less trustworthy and unsurprising. Sovereigns started to depend vigorously on slave work and tax assessment to help the realm. Guarding the boundless domain involved huge expenses. After some time the realm became extended excessively flimsy. In a frantic exertion to remain monetarily feasible, the Roman rulers diminished the genuine substance of silver and gold inside their coinage. At the end of the day, the presumptive worth of the coins was more than they were really worth. The making of a generally drilled financial framework permitted the economy to broaden and develop. When the money related framework turned out to be less dependable the inverse started to happen. Because of slave work, substantial tax assessment and different variables, financial advancement in Rome came to a standstill. The Romans could no longer stand to arm and prepare their tremendous armed force. Distant of Roman force turned out to be progressively defenseless. The â€Å"barbarians† from northern Europe were in the end ready to enter the core of the Roman Empire. Basically, the Roman Empire worked an early case of free market private enterprise. Their adaptation of private enterprise had a few defects that at last prompted its demolition. Free market private enterprise on this scale would not rise again for a long time. The destinies of the Roman and Han realms uncovered an unexpected reality about financial matters and national security. At the point when exchange with outside substances crested, so did the overall intensity of the domains. Then again, when exchange was cut off or basically evaporated, the realms were presented to extraordinary hazard. Their destinies additionally indicated the weakness of economies situated in a huge part on slave work. In the Roman Empire, slaves were gained from vanquished regions and made to do a great part of the work that kept the realm working easily. In

The Prince vs. Henry V

The Prince versus Henry V An examination of characteristics After perusing Machiavelli’s The Prince and viewing Shakespeare’s Henry V in class, one starts to see similitudes between the authors’ thought of what a â€Å"perfect king† ought to be. The examples between the perfect leader of Shakespeare and the perfect leader of Machiavelli can be found in various occasions all through this story. For the span of this exposition, I will contrast the likenesses in the two pieces with give the peruser a superior comprehension of how Shakespeare contrived his perspective on what a â€Å"perfect king† ought to be.One can see a model while thinking back on Henry’s energetic encounters. Prior to making vow as ruler, Henry was associated with some circumspect characters. He would party, remain out throughout the night, and pollute his father’s wishes. Be that as it may, in the wake of turning out to be above all else, Henry disregarded this previ ous way of life and become the person of significance we know today. As Machiavelli expressed, â€Å"So a sovereign ought to be judicious to the point that he realizes how to get away from the malicious notoriety joined to those indecencies which could lose him his state, and how to evade those indecencies which are not all that perilous, in the event that he can; in any case, on the off chance that he can't, he need not stress such a great amount over the latter.And at that point, he should not wince from being accused for indecencies which are essential for protecting the state. This is on the grounds that, considering, he will locate that a portion of the things that have all the earmarks of being ethics will, in the event that he rehearses them, ruin him, and a portion of the things that seem fiendish will bring him security and flourishing. † (Machiavelli) If took a gander at intently, this is actually what Henry had done. He utilized this energetic articulation to pick up favor with the layman and look shockingly better when he took the throne.This demonstration of â€Å"smoke and mirrors† attempted to further his potential benefit and backs up Machiavelli’s claims. As Machiavelli says, â€Å"From this emerges the accompanying inquiry: Whether it is smarter to be cherished than dreaded, or the opposite. The appropriate response is that one might want to be both the one and the other; but since it is hard to join them, it is far superior to be dreaded than cherished in the event that you can't be both. † (Machiavelli) During Henry’s discourse at Harfleur, one can see this point in action.While addressing the senator, Henry actually alarms the individuals of Harfleur into accommodation and increases passage to the city moving forward without any more battling. This shows an unmistakable similitude in what Machiavelli and Shakespeare see in their pioneer. As a lord, Henry gets known for taking care of business of versatili ty, technique, and battle. These characteristics, as per Machiavelli, are important to turn into the â€Å"ideal lord. † As expressed by Machiavelli, â€Å"†¦a sovereign should have no other point or thought, nor select whatever else for his investigation, than war and its guidelines and control; for this is the sole workmanship that has a place with him who rules. (Machiavelli) This can be seen when the Dauphin presents Henry with an endowment of tennis balls and an offending discourse for all intents and purposes instructing him to avoid developed men’s undertakings. This gives Henry the influence he needs to begin a war with France without resembling the instigator. He would now be able to put the fault of war on the Dauphin and the numerous existences of whom will be murdered. Henry utilizes this to advance toward his quality and show his maximum capacity. Another model can be seen when Henry needs to hang Bardolph for looting during the attack of France.Year s prior, while savoring the bar, Bardolph had asked Prince Henry this inquiry, â€Å"Do not thou, when thou craftsmanship lord, hang a cheat? † Prince Henry answered, â€Å"No, thou shalt. † (Branagh, Scofield and Holm) In this occasion, one can see Henry is following his Machiavellian ways. This can be appeared in the accompanying section. Machiavelli states, â€Å"The ruler should in any case make himself dreaded so that, in the event that he isn't cherished, at any rate he evades being despised; and the sovereign can generally maintain a strategic distance from contempt on the off chance that he keeps away from the property of his subjects and residents and from their women.If, all things considered, it demonstrates important to execute somebody, this ought to be done just when there is appropriate avocation and show explanation behind it. In any case, most importantly, a sovereign ought to swear off the property of others; since men sooner overlook the demise of t heir dad than the loss of their patrimony. † (Machiavelli) Bardolph had been cautioned of this numerous years sooner. Henry was simply following up on this guarantee. For this last model, I will cite Machiavelli for nearly the last time.He states, â€Å"The truth is that a man who needs to act highmindedly inside and out essentially ends up badly among such huge numbers of who are not ethical. Along these lines, if a sovereign needs to keep up his standard, he should figure out how not to be temperate, and to utilize this or not as per need. † (Machiavelli) This can be seen on the night prior to the last fight. Henry camouflages himself as a typical warrior by obtaining Erpingham’s shroud and keeping an eye on his soldiers. Henry does this to guarantee his soldiers are intellectually arranged and in high morale.What he finds is a blended spirit inside his soldiers and causes him to get ready much harder for the up and coming fight. Henry utilizes this â€Å"cloa k† as an instrument to discover the shortcomings in his military and afterward abuses them with his moving discourse before the fight starts. This Machiavellian demonstration could have been the defining moment and significant explanation they won against a dwarfing, French armed force. As observed all through the film, the likenesses between Machiavelli’s â€Å"ideal prince† and Shakespeare’s â€Å"perfect king† are beyond any reasonable amount to count.A mix of old and new properties made this ageless character in which we are as yet gaining from today. One can dare to dream the couple of models given will give the peruser a superior comprehension of were Shakespeare determines his ideal, Machiavellian ruler from. To complete, a well known expression from Machiavelli, â€Å"The end legitimizes the methods. † (Machiavelli) Works Cited Henry V. Dir. Kenneth Branagh. Perf. Kenneth Branagh, et al. 1989. Machiavelli, Niccolo. â€Å"Selections f rom The Prince. † Matthews, Roy T and F DeWitt Platt. Readings in the Western Humanities. Vol. II. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. 18-21.

How to Come Up With Hundreds of Business Ideas

How to Come Up With Hundreds of Business Ideas Given the chance, many people would start their own businesses. The numbers are overwhelming. According to a research by the University Of Phoenix Business School, 39% of employees hope to become business owners one day.The younger they are, the greater the desire to own a business, with more than 50% of employees in their 20s hoping to become business owners one day.So, what’s stopping them? While there are several reasons that keep people from starting a business, one of the major reasons is that most people don’t have a good business idea. They just don’t know where to start.For some people, generating great business ideas just comes naturally to them. Think of serial entrepreneur Elon Musk. After dropping from college, he started Zip2, which gave businesses an online presence. He sold it to Compaq and became a millionaire. He then co-founded PayPal, an online payments and money transfer service.After PayPal was sold to eBay, Elon went on to found several other companies, in cluding SpaceX, Tesla, Neuralink, and the Boring Company. Clearly, coming up with business ideas is no biggie for someone like him.While we might not all be like Elon Musk, the truth is that coming up with a business idea does not need to be so difficult. There are numerous opportunities to identify great business ideas, if only you know where and how to look.Below are some ideas on how to come up with great business ideas. FIND A SOLUTION FOR SOMETHING THAT BUGS YOU OR OTHERSYou might have heard that every successful business solves a certain problem. So, what better way to come up with a business idea than to find a problem to solve? Think about how Virgin Atlantic was started.Virgin founder Richard Branson was trying to get to the British Virgin Islands to meet his girlfriend, but unfortunately, the airline could not fill enough seats to warrant a flight, so their flight was cancelled, leaving Richard and his fellow passengers stranded in Puerto Rico.Not one to let such a problem stop him from seeing his then girlfriend and now wife, Richard chartered a plane, charged the stranded passengers $39 each for a ticket on his chartered plane and helped them get to the British Virgin Islands.From there, he bought a second hand plane from Boeing and Virgin Atlantic was in business. Richard simply noticed that there was a problem in how airlines treated their passengers (they didn’t care much about passengers) and started a business to provide a solution for that.You might not be ready to charter a plane or buy a second hand 747 from Boeing, but your greatest bet for coming up with a business idea is to come up with a solution for something that bugs you or other people near you.Think about your day to day life.What things do you find yourself complaining about? What do your friends, family, or colleagues regularly complain about?If you can provide a solution for these frustrations, you have a business idea on your hands.SOLVE PROBLEMS THAT MAY EXIST IN FUTUREAfte r becoming the richest person in the world, Amazon Founder Jeff Bezos plans to invest a huge chunk of his fortune on his space exploration company, Blue Origin. Why invest in a space exploration company?Bezos believes that due to problems such as climate change, it might one day become necessary for humans to take industrial activities to space, where manufacturing can be done without a risk to planet earth and the survival of the human race.If this happens, there will be a need for logistics companies to ferry finished products to earth. With Blue Origin, Bezos is positioning himself to become a logistics provider for space transportation, long before humans think of setting up the first industry on the moon or in Mars. He is working on solving problems that will emerge in the future.Just like Bezos, you can come up with a business idea by thinking about problems that might need to be solved in future. Think about the future, brainstorm about problems and challenges that might emer ge in that future and start thinking of solutions to these problems.FULFILL A NEEDApart from solving problems, another major reason why people pay from products and services is to fulfill a need. Do people around you have a need that is not being met? Is there a way you can help them meet this need?There are a lot of businesses that are built to satisfy human needs. Consider products like green tea and other health and fitness products, beauty products, clothing, and so on.These products try to fulfill the human need for esteem. When people look good, their confidence and their esteem gets a boost. Think of products like Facebook, Twitter, and other social media channels.These products help people fulfill the need for love and belonging.Think of a way in which you can help people fulfill their human needs and see how you can turn it into a profitable business.ASK YOURSELF “WHAT’S NEXT?”Another great way to come up with a great business idea is to think ahead of the curve. Take a look at trends and technologies that are being developed today. What opportunities will these technologies create once they become ubiquitous? How can you take advantage of these opportunities? For instance, many tech and automobile companies today are working on developing autonomous cars.While the technology is not completely ready, there is a high chance that all vehicles will become autonomous within the next one or two decades. What opportunities will self-driving cars create? For one, cars might become more of a service than a product.In this case, there is an opportunity to start a mobility as a service business.Alternatively, there might be a need to create software to manage fleets of autonomous cars.All these are opportunities presented by technologies that are yet to take root. By starting on them today, you can be way ahead of the competition when the time comes.So, try to think of current trends and figure out what opportunities will follow the trends and you will ha ve a great business idea.DEVELOP A CHEAPER VERSION OF AN EXISTING PRODUCTHow many times have you wanted to buy a certain product but could not afford it? How many other people do you think face the same challenge? If you could develop a cheaper version of the product, how many people do you think would be willing to pay for it? That right there could be a business idea.Think of Chinese smartphone companies like Huawei, Xiaomi and Oppo. With major smartphone brands like Apple and Samsung offering their flagship phones at ridiculously high prices, these Chinese brands saw it as an opportunity to offer much cheaper smartphones with an almost similar set of features. This definitely paid off, with Chinese Brand Huawei surpassing Apple to become the second largest smartphone manufacturer in the world.Just like the Chinese smartphone brands, you can come up with a business ideas by looking for products that are in high demand and have prices that keep a large chunk of consumers out.If you can come up with a way of developing cheaper versions of these products, that right there is a great business idea.MAKE PEOPLE’S LIVES EASIER OR MORE CONVENIENTPeople will almost always choose the path of least resistance. If you have a product or service that makes life easier or more convenient, most people will have no problem paying for it. There are a lot of products and services whose main aim is to make our lives easier or more convenient.Instant noodles. Microwaves. Dishwashers. Vacuum cleaners. Ride hailing services. Meal subscriptions. Clothing subscriptions. All these products and services were developed to make life easier and more convenient.Instead of struggling to come up with a completely new idea, just think of existing products and services and think of how you can make them more convenient or easier to use.For instance, many people don’t like the trips to the local grocery store.What if you came up with a subscription service where people pay a monthly fee to have a selection of vegetables and products delivered to their homes every Saturday evening?Instead of simply offering your freelance writing services, why not offer a package where clients get a hands-free blog management where you come up with content ideas, write them, post to their blogs and promote them?Simply find a way to make an existing product or service easier to use, less stressful, more convenient, or more user-friendly and you have a business idea.HELP PEOPLE SAVE MONEYMaking money is not so easy, and at the same time, there are so many needs. Because of this, people will always appreciate any opportunity to save money. If you come up with a way to help people save a few bucks here and there, you have a winning business idea on your hands.Think of products like energy saving bulbs and power strips, budgeting apps, coupons apps, water efficient shower heads, solar panels, and such other products.Most times, they are more expensive than their alternatives, yet people st ill buy these products because they help them save money in the long run. Try thinking of things that cost you money in your day to day life and think of solutions that can help you save some of that money. If you can do that, you will have identified a great business idea.FUSE DIFFERENT INDUSTRIESWhat skills do you have? Would they be useful in a different, unconventional field? How about fusing two ideas from two entirely different industries? Fusing ideas and skills that are completely unrelated is a great way of coming up with unique business ideas.A product like Google Glass, as well as other wearable technology is a result of fusion between the fashion and technology industries.GE Healthcare came up with the GE Adventure Series of children-friendly MRIs by fusing MRI technology and entertainment. The Nike Shox shoes were adapted from Formula One racing shock absorbers. All these are examples of ideas resulting from combining totally unrelated ideas.Try to think of two unrelate d concepts that would go together and you might stumble on a great business idea. Can you apply the Uber or Netflix concept to different industry? Bingo! You have a business idea right there. Do you think something being done outside your industry can be successfully applied in your industry, even if the two are unrelated? That’s an opportunity right there.Do you have skills in two or more fields? Is there a way to intersect these different fields in a unique way? If there is, you can turn it into a business with complete confidence that you will be the best at that unique intersection.INVESTIGATE OTHER MARKETSSometimes, we cannot see ideas because they are not suited to our local markets. These same ideas would appeal greatly to foreign markets. I will use a very simple example to illustrate this. If you were born and live in an English speaking country, being an English tutor is not a very viable business idea.However, if you came up with a way to package and sell your English c lasses to people in non-English speaking countries, for instance those who want to learn the language because they want to study in an English speaking country, there would be high demand for your services.By investigating the market opportunities in other regions and cultures, you can find a business idea that might not be so obvious in your local setting.Alternatively, you could also look at ideas that are working in other locations and see how they can be applied in your local setting. For instance, let’s assume that during a trip to a foreign country, you came across an on-demand vehicle repair service, which has not made it to your home country. You can copy the idea and apply it in your country or city.TURN YOUR HOBBY OR PASSION INTO A BUSINESSDo you have something you enjoy doing or something that you are good at? Is there something your friends constantly say you are good at, or ask for your help with? Is there something you always find yourself doing during your free time ? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you need to start thinking of how you can turn whatever you enjoy doing or are good at into a business.It doesn’t have to be a skill you learned in school. It could be anything â€" organizing parties, painting, writing, graphic design, social media marketing, drawing, you name it. If you are good at it, you can turn it into a business.I have a friend who loves drawing. Most of his weekends are spent working on one drawing or another. For him, it was just something he did for fun. Sometime last year, he decided to draw a portrait of a girl he was dating as a birthday present. After presenting the drawing to the girl, her friends were impressed. A number of them asked him to draw portraits of them and offered to pay for the service.That’s when it hit him that he had been sleeping on a business idea. From then, he has turned his passion for drawing into a little business that earns him a nice income on the side. Just like my friend, if you have something you are good at, there will be people willing to pay for it, so you should think of turning it into a business.Apart from doing whatever you are good at in exchange for money, you can also turn it into a business by offering to teach others how to do it. If you are good at playing the piano or guitar, you can package your knowledge into an online video course and start a business teaching people how to play the guitar. The good thing with a coaching business is that any kind of skill can be turned into a business.Even something as simple as asking girls out. Know how to talk to girls better than your friends? You can turn it into a business. There are lots of guys who want to learn how to as girls out and are willing to pay for the knowledge.The point here is that if you have something you are good at and passionate about, you can turn it into a profitable business idea.TURN YOUR DAY JOB INTO A BUSINESSAnother common way of identifying a great business idea is to look at what you get paid to do at your day job. Whatever you do at your current job â€" whether you are a web designer, a content writer, an accountant, a logistics manager, or any other job â€" you can step out on your own and build a business out of it. There are different ways to do this. The first one is the coaching approach, which I discussed above. Simply start teaching others what you are good at.The second is to start your own company instead of working for someone else. For instance, if you are a web designer, instead of working for a web design agency, why not start your own web design agency? You can start as a one man business and then expand as business grows.Of course, finding clients when you are starting will be challenging, but your own business allows you to charge your own rates and gives you the option of scalability, which you don’t have when working for someone else. To avoid starving as you hustle for your first clients, you should start it as a side bu siness and then focus fully on it once you are confident that it can provide you with a sufficient income.Alternatively, you can start offering consultation services within your field. Another option is find a way to automate your work process and then offer it as an app or software.Think of businesses like Buffer, Hootsuite, Asana, Basecamp, MailChimp, Hubspot, Shopify, Zendesk, and other business automation tools. The founders of these services came up with a way to automate their work processes and created businesses out of these process. If you can find a way to automate your day job, you have a winning business idea.TALK TO CONSUMERSAnother way to come up with a winning business idea is to actually talk to consumers and find out their needs and requirements. Let’s assume you are interested in the fashion industry, but you don’t have an idea on what kind of fashion related business you should start. Go out and talk to shoppers and find out what they need. Go to fashion store s and talk to the customers.Run online surveys and ask customers what they wish they could find when shopping for clothes and fashion industries. By talking to the actual consumers, you might uncover something that has been ignored by existing businesses and use it to come up with a unique business.The best part about talking to consumers is that you will be confident that there is a demand for your idea.ADD VALUE TO OR IMPROVE EXISTING PRODUCTS AND SERVICESYou can also come up with great business ideas by finding ways to add value to existing products. Think about products that you and your family, friends, and colleagues use on a day to day basis. Is there a way to add value to these products? Is there a service you can combine with the product to make it even more valuable? Is there anything else you can do to improve an already existing product or service? Think of the KFC franchise.Before Colonel Sanders came up with his unique fried chicken recipe, there were other restaurants selling friend chicken. However, he found a way to make his fried chicken way tastier than what competitors were offering, thereby creating a business that is currently worth over $7 billion.COPY AND MODIFY OTHERS’ IDEASThere is hardly a completely unique idea in this world. Think of how some of the most successful businesses in the world today were started. To create Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg copied and modified the initial idea from the Winklevoss twins.To invent the light bulb, Thomas Edison built on the work and research of several other inventors around the world.The truth is that most other seemingly innovative ideas simply find a way to build on already existing ideas, so why not do the same? I’m not saying that you should directly copy another person’s business idea like for like.There is a high chance you will fail if you do this. Instead, take an existing idea you like, find ways to make it better than it currently is, and turn it into a winning business idea.WRAPPI NG UPI hope that by now, you are convinced that coming up with a business idea does not have to be a challenging task. The methods listed in this article are just a few of the different ways you can use to come up with a business idea.There are many more ways.What I will emphasize here is that you should not sit back and wait for a business idea to strike you in a light bulb moment.Instead, you should be proactive in trying to identify business ideas. If you keep that in mind and apply the methods discussed in this article, you won’t have a shortage of business ideas.

The Connection between the Monotheistic Traditions of...

In looking at the world, one would not be surprised to find a great variety of people with varying beliefs and cultural traditions according to the culture’s history and geographic location. But what might strike one as odd is a great similarity across most of those people as well: a belief in God. And not just any God, but a single God who has divine knowledge and power over humanity. Yet with these commonalities, the three traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam each have a unique take on what they feel is the correct belief about God. But with so many commonalities, one might think the three traditions would be closer linked than they appear. Could these three faiths all have a common source beyond simply monotheistic beliefs,†¦show more content†¦Does God have one cohesive identity seen in each tradition, or does God have a multiple-personality complex that switches between people? In looking at what identity means, one voice offers help to determine a clea rer understanding. In his essay Introduction to Neo-classical Theism, Kevin Timpe tells us that we have to distinguish identity between a proper name and a definite description. If we are to ascribe God as a definite description, than it would stand that the idea of God would be more along the lines of a title or position rather than an innate characteristic or nature. For if God held the title of God but was at some point not able to meet up to the standards of that, then God would no longer hold that title. (199). If, however, we are to ascribe God as a proper name in that God means the actual being or nature of that deity, than God would absolutely encompass what it means to be the supreme deity of creation. Yet does God being a proper name still mean that God is only known as God and not Allah or YHWH? These may be cultural titles given to the deity God that help to better understand the revelation of God in a tradition’s context. And with understanding God through name a nd titles comes the act of revealing that understanding to other people. One of the most powerful and well-known forms of divine revelation comes from a significant figure among the people ofShow MoreRelatedThe Basic Teachings of Islam3603 Words   |  15 PagesTopic: the basic teachings of Islam Introduction Religion is one way of helping people establish a meaningful way of life, ground on promoting humanity’s personal growth and the concerns of others. Religion is not a simple term to define because different people from different societies, cultures and contexts may give different meanings and interpretations of religion. Roger Schmidt in his book, Exploring Religion, comments that, â€Å"religion is a set of beliefs, practices, and social structures, groundedRead MoreWorld Religions Midterm 14746 Words   |  19 Pagesexistence of God.   Explain each argument and show why it is potentially helpful or dangerous for the theist.   Then, explain which of these arguments you find more convincing, and why. 2.Comparing Religions: Compare the worldview of one of the monotheistic religions we have discussed with one other religion we have studied, mono or polytheistic.   Explain three specific points of similarity and three clear differences in each world view.   Given these similarities and differences, would you say theRead MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 PagesSystems: 8 4- Cultural Experience: 8 5- The Legal System: 9 6- Codes of Conduct: 9 2.0- EXPLANATION OF THE SOURCES OF ETHICS: 10 2.1- RELIGION: 10 Teaching business ethics 12 2.11- Impact Of Religiosity: 13 2.12- Ethics Of Islam: 14 Nature of Islamic Ethics 17 The Human-Environment Relationship: 20 The Sustainable Care of Nature: 22 The Practice of Islamic Environmental Ethics: 22 2.14- Ethics And Other Religion: 25 2.2- GENETIC INHERITANCE: 31 2.21- LINKAGERead MoreIslamic Way of warfare23558 Words   |  95 Pagesimportant to understand that anything, to be qualified as Islamic, has to have a reference from the core sources of Islam, i.e. the Quran, and the practices and sayings of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). This research is focused to define an Islamic way of warfare based on these fundamental sources, with a view to identifying whether Al Qaeda is truly Islamic or not. This thesis identifies that Islam does not dictate minor tactical matters of warfare, rather focuses its guidance on warfare in two broad categories:

4th Grade Writing Prompts

Students in fourth grade need a variety of practice developing their writing skills. According to Common Core State Standards Initiative, fourth-grade writing should include opinion pieces, informative texts, and narratives about real or imagined experiences. Additionally, a fourth-grade  writing curriculum should include short research projects.   These writing prompts offer diverse forms of inspiration for every student. Opinion Essay Writing Prompts In an opinion essay, students must  state their opinion, then back it up with facts and reasons. Ideas should be organized logically and supported by details. Best Friends Forever. Write an essay explaining what makes your best friend the best best friend.  Awesomeness.  Describe the most awesome  thing about being in fourth grade.New Worlds. Would you rather help start a colony on a new planet or a city under the ocean? Why?School Food. Name one thing you would like to change about your school’s menu and explain why.Someday. If you could be a race car driver, an astronaut, or president of a country, which would you choose and why?Cityscapes. If you had a friend visit from another state, what is the one place in your city you would insist he or she had to see? What makes this place so special?Shipwrecked. You find yourself stranded on a deserted island with only 3 items in your backpack. What would you want those items to be and why?Flat Earth. Some people still believe that the Earth is flat. Do you agree or disagree? Include supporting  facts.Extra! Extra! Name one class, sport, or club you wish your school offered and exp lain why it should be available.Seasons. Which season is your favorite and why?One-star. What is the worst book you ever read and what made it so terrible?Fandom. Who is your favorite TV, movie, or music star? What makes him or her the best.Progress.  Identify  something at which you would like to improve about yourself as a student this school year. Explain why you would like to get better and list some steps you can take to make it happen. Informative  Essay Writing Prompts When writing an informative or explanatory essay, students should introduce the topic clearly, then develop the topic with facts and details. When explaining a process, students should outline the steps in a logical order. Bullied. Explain how you would handle  being bullied and the steps you would take to stop a bully.Mad Skills. Describe an unusual talent, hobby, or skill that you possess.Cuisine. Describe a food that is unique to your family or area of the world to someone who has never tasted it.Role Model. Think of a person who has made an impact on your life and describe the role they’ve played.Pay It Forward. What is one thing you would like to do — either now or in the future —  to make the world a better place?Packing. Explain the most effective way to pack for a trip to ensure that you have everything you need.Wild Kingdom. Of all animals, wild or domesticated, which is your favorite? Include interesting  facts about this animal in your essay.Gaming. Explain how to play your favorite video or board game to someone who has never played it before.Problematic. Describe a problem  you’re facing and three ways you could possibly solve it.Extreme Weather. Choose an extreme weather condition or natural disaster, such as a tornado or a volcanic eruption. Explain  its causes and effects.Sweet Treats. Explain the process of making your favorite dessert.Learning Styles. Think of the way you prefer to learn, such as by reading, listening, or doing. Explain why you think you learn best that way.Edison. Thomas Edison said that he didn’t make mistakes; he just learned 10,000 ways not to make a light bulb. Describe a mistake you made and the lesson you learned from it. Narrative  Essay Writing Prompts When writing narrative essays about real or imagined experiences, students should use descriptive details and logical sequence. They can use dialogue and sensory details to develop their essay. Microscopic Details. Imagine being microscopic. Describe an adventurous  trip through your body.Alone. You find yourself locked in your favorite store alone overnight. Where are you and what do you do?Homeless. A friendly stray dog follows you home from school. What happens next?Time Travel. Imagine you could travel back in time to when your mom or dad was your age. Write an essay about your relationship with your fourth-grade parent.Mismatched. Write a story about someone your age. The story must include a giraffe, a mouse, a flying carpet, and a large birdcage.Pet Peeve.  Recount a moment when  something really got on your nerves. Describe the experience and why it irritated you so much.Surprise! Think of a time your teacher surprised your class. Describe what happened and how the class reacted.Special Moments. Think of a specific day or event that you will always remember. What made it so special?Travel Through History. Imagine you could travel back in time to live through o ne event from history. Describe the event and write about your experience.The Most Terrible Day. Write an essay about a day when everything went wrong. How did the day start and end, describe the experience.Road Trip. Write about a favorite family vacation or road trip. Where did you go? What made it special?Funny Pet Tricks.  Can  your pet do a funny or unusual trick? Describe it.President. If you could be president for a day (or the principal of your school), what would you do? Research Project  Essay Writing Prompts Fourth-grade students should also complete short research projects using books, magazines, and online sources. Students should take notes and provide a list of the sources they used in their research. New Puppy. You want a new puppy. Do some research to determine the best breed for your family and write about it.Battles.  Research and write about what you  consider the most significant or famous battle in history.Famous People. Choose a famous person from history or science and write about their lives and contributions.Animal Kingdom. Select an animal to research. Include facts about its behavior, habitat, and diet.Countries. Choose a country. Investigate its culture and holidays, and find out what life there  is like for kids your age.States. Pick a state you’ve never visited. Learn three to  five unique facts about the state to include in your essay.Inventions. What do you think is the greatest or most useful invention of all time? Find out who invented it and how and why it was invented.Native Americans. Choose a Native American tribe. Learn about where they lived, their culture, and their use of natural resources in their area.Endangered Species. Research and wr ite about an animal that is endangered. Include facts about why it is endangered and any changes that people can make to help increase its population.Fine Arts. Learn more about an artist or composer. Include facts about their life and death and most well-known works.Authors. Research  an author whose books you enjoy. Include facts about what inspired him or her to start writing.Dig Deeper.  Research something you’ve studied in  history, science, or  literature  but would like to know more about.State Standouts. Choose a famous person from your state. Learn about his or her life and contributions.

Over 50% of the world lives in poverty, isn’t this devastating Free Essays

There are many meanings to the word â€Å"poverty.† Many of us relate it to the thought of homeless people living on streets or to people living in harsh conditions without money of food. We all have our own opinions, but what really is poverty? Is it what the majority of us think of? Or is it just simply the state of being poor? The word â€Å"poverty† has many meanings and definitions. We will write a custom essay sample on Over 50% of the world lives in poverty, isn’t this devastating? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many believe that this word can mean â€Å"not having an education† or â€Å"living in the state of hunger† or â€Å"abuse† or living without shelter, or even just being â€Å"lonely.† Some of the reasons for someone to be living in the state of poverty could link to â€Å"war† â€Å"famine† or even because â€Å"parents or members of family have passed away.† Statistics clearly prove that â€Å"one out of 120 people have had to leave their homes due to war† Isn’t this appalling? Poverty can be seen, and also not seen. For example, in some parts of the world you can clearly see people suffering in poverty, some people may be homeless; some might even be suffering from illness that can not be cured due to lack of money. However, some types of poverty can not be seen. For example, pensioners like Mrs Pankania have to make a decisions between buying enough to eat to being warm in the winter. This is because some pensioners have a low pension and can’t enjoy luxuries like us. How would you feel if you had to make a decision between warmth and food? What can you do to Help? As you are probably aware, living in the state of poverty would probably be very harsh. Here are some tips for you to try and help these unfortunate people and make their lives a better place. Uzairs Top Tips 1.) If you are walking down the street, with a handful of unwanted change, and you know the your not really going to take care of it keep it until you come across a charity box. 2.) Make your own charity box. Find an old jar that’s NOT being used and write in bold words- CHARITY! Tell your friends and family to put old change into to it and you shall slowly notice that the amount in the jar show slowly increase. 3.) As said in tip 2, make a charity box, but this time give one to a brother or sister and have a race to see who can fill their charity box the quickest. â€Å"Hopefully these tips will help those in poverty- and make their lives a better place† How to cite Over 50% of the world lives in poverty, isn’t this devastating?, Papers

Ramses II Essay Example For Students

Ramses II Essay While visiting the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology, I found numerous works of art that interested me. I was able to appreciate these works more than before because of the knowledge I now possess after having taken this class thus far. Understanding the background, time periods, and history of the works that I was practically analyzing at the museum, made the pieces even more interesting and valuable to behold. The piece of work that captured my eyes the most was the statue of Ramesses II ?. This statue was found at the Heracleopolis, Temple of Harsaphes, in Egypt. This sculpture was made somewhere between 1897 and 1834, during Egypts Middle Kingdom. The artist was probably an ancient Egyptian who was patroned by the Pharaoh Ramesses II himself. According to the museums description of the work, Ramesses II seized this sculpture from a former ruler and the head was replaced to fit Ramesses satisfaction. This is a historical piece to preserve his power and immortality. This statue is an example of freestanding sculpture or sculpture in the round. It has been carved and chiseled out of Quartzite stone. This particular stone is composed mainly or entirely of quartz. The stone is compact and is a form of metamorphosed sandstone in which silica, or quartz, has been deposited between the grains of quartz of which the sandstone is essentially composed. ? Quartzite has a smooth fracture and is found primarily among ancient rocks. ? The subject and iconography of the work is to emphasize the success, reign and power of Ramesses II. According to the museums description, the sculpture also functioned as a place for the non-priests of the community to place votive offerings for the gods of the temple. The non-priests were not allowed in the temples hence the sculpture must have been near the entrance of the temple. There is a slab in front of the pharaohs feet where offerings would have been placed. The statue is rather large and stands approximately 10 feet high and 5 feet wide. The mass of the sculpture is almost overpowering to the observer. Egyptian art is known to be very compact, and this characteristic is evident in the statue of Ramesses II. The sculpture stays within the frame of the stone, nothing in this piece protrudes outside of its frame. The pose of the Pharaoh is consistent with Ancient Egyptian art as well. The Pharaoh is seated with his hands placed on his upper legs. His arms are close to his body at both sides, and his legs are close together and connected to the throne he sits upon. He sits upright in a tranquil manner reflecting power and kingship as well. ? His body is bilaterally symmetrical while his pose is frontal and his movement is suppressed. ? Ramesses II wears a headdress and a fake detachable beard which is missing to denote his rank. This visual evidence, hairstyles, clothes, objects, is common in Ancient Egyptian art to symbolize the status of the figure. When the pharaoh is portrayed, he usually has an elaborate headdress, is larger in scale than other figures around him, wears an elaborate patterned kilt, and is in perfectly fit form. The Ancient Egyptians idealized the body of the pharaoh and were not realistic when it came to portraying the actual facial characteristics of the pharaoh. Although the statue is not being compared to other figures in the work, one can tell by its stance, dress, and mass that the figure is important. Another characteristic of this sculpture is the bulls tail on the back of his kilt, which is visible hanging between his legs. The bull, in Ancient Egypt, was accepted as a sign of power and was associated with the status of the pharaoh. The bull can be seen in many other Ancient Egyptian works of art involving the pharaoh. The sculptures space and form takes up a three dimensional quality and is meant to be viewed from all sides. It is composed into a block of stone. This three-dimensional sculpture occupies both mass and volume. .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a , .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a .postImageUrl , .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a , .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a:hover , .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a:visited , .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a:active { border:0!important; } .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a:active , .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4bfa8e03fcf614431ec7ecfe3106b79a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mastaba - archaelogy EssayThe carving technique used in the sculpture is known as subtractive, taking away from the original form of the stone. The slab of stone the Pharaoh sits upon is utilized as a throne. The back is flat although it ends at the lower back. The works composition is not realistic. The space and atmospheric perspective that the statue encompasses is again compact. Almost all Ancient Egyptian pharaohs are portrayed in this form. The lines and linear perspective of this sculpture follow a simple geometric shape. They are merely to define the simple shape of the body. The lines are somewhat more defining for the headdress but not to the extreme. The body is not as realistic as modern day works but is most similar to the kouros of Ancient Greece. The body is idealized as youthful and physically fit as this was common in Ancient Egyptian art. All royalty and pharaohs were shown in this idealistic state to symbolize their power, reign, and godliness. There is no color visible except for the hue of the stone but it was most likely painted at one point in history. This is because the Ancient Egyptians were known for decorating their sculptures with pigment of some sort. The sculpture being three-dimensional somewhat provides its own light. The grooves of the muscles and face cast some shadow and leave room for depth. The statue of Ramesses II is not proportional. The head, since it was replaced, is small for the works massive body. The feet are awkwardly long for his body along with the hands. This statue represents the historical period of the time. Ramesses II name appears in deeply cut inscription in hieroglyphics on the throne and bases of the statue. According to the museum, there is an inscription on the left side of the throne where an error was made by the sculptor. The duck and sun disc in the title Son of the Sun were reversed and as a result needed to be recarved. The lines involved in the Hieroglyphics are deeply imbedded in the base and all around the sculpture. The hieroglyphics give insight to the historical occurrences of the time. I find that all of the art from Ancient Egypt is very important in providing historical accounts of the time. The Egyptians were a very advanced culture for their time period. This sculpture of Ramesses II is just one example of the numerous artifacts found from the time period. The Egyptians knew what materials to use to preserve their works of art. Their technology and tactics amaze me given their prehistoric classification. Ramesses II is a clear and definite example of the characteristic one would find in many other works of Ancient Egypt. The sculpture of Ramesses II provides us with the knowledge of his status as a pharaoh and the power he held. This was the function that it was intended to give and this is understood by the observer. This is all clear by his composition, size and visual evidence. Ramesses II youth, power and immortality lives on in our knowledge.

Sound Versus Space Essays - Acoustics, Sound, Hearing, Qualia, Waves

Sound Versus Space Very simply, sound is the vibration of any substance. The substance can be air, water, wood, or any other material, and in fact the only place in which sound cannot travel is a vacuum. When these substances vibrate, or rapidly move back and forth, they produce sound. As described in the How We Perceive Sound: The Ear section, our ears gather these vibrations and allow us to interpret them. To be a little more accurate in our definition of sound, however, we must realize that the vibrations that produce sound are not the result of an entire volume moving back and forth at once. If that were the case, the entire atmosphere would need to shift for any sound to be made at all! Instead, the vibrations occur among the individual molecules of the substance, and the vibrations move through the substance in sound waves. As sound waves travel through the material, each molecule hits another and returns to its original position. The result is that regions of the medium become alternately more dense, when they are called condensations, and less dense, when they are called rarefactions. Bibliography Very simply, sound is the vibration of any substance. The substance can be air, water, wood, or any other material, and in fact the only place in which sound cannot travel is a vacuum. When these substances vibrate, or rapidly move back and forth, they produce sound. As described in the How We Perceive Sound: The Ear section, our ears gather these vibrations and allow us to interpret them. To be a little more accurate in our definition of sound, however, we must realize that the vibrations that produce sound are not the result of an entire volume moving back and forth at once. If that were the case, the entire atmosphere would need to shift for any sound to be made at all! Instead, the vibrations occur among the individual molecules of the substance, and the vibrations move through the substance in sound waves. As sound waves travel through the material, each molecule hits another and returns to its original position. The result is that regions of the medium become alternately more dense, when they are called condensations, and less dense, when they are called rarefactions. Very simply, sound is the vibration of any substance. The substance can be air, water, wood, or any other material, and in fact the only place in which sound cannot travel is a vacuum. When these substances vibrate, or rapidly move back and forth, they produce sound. As described in the How We Perceive Sound: The Ear section, our ears gather these vibrations and allow us to interpret them. To be a little more accurate in our definition of sound, however, we must realize that the vibrations that produce sound are not the result of an entire volume moving back and forth at once. If that were the case, the entire atmosphere would need to shift for any sound to be made at all! Instead, the vibrations occur among the individual molecules of the substance, and the vibrations move through the substance in sound waves. As sound waves travel through the material, each molecule hits another and returns to its original position. The result is that regions of the medium become alternately more dense, when they are called condensations, and less dense, when they are called rarefactions. hhhhhhhhi iedidi di diid diiid34 Physics

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 9

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 9 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Just as The Great Gatsbybegan with Nick’s father reminding him about his upbringing, so it ends with Gatsby’s father reminding us about the childhood of James Gatz (Gatsby's real birth name). As one of the few mourners at Gatsby’s very sparsely attended funeral, Mr. Gatz worships his son’s achievements in the way that no one whom Gatsby wanted to impress ever did. The Great GatsbyChapter 9ends with one of the most famous last lines in all Western literature. Read on to see how Fitzgerald connects Gatsby’s story with theuniversal human hope for a better future. Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. The Great Gatsby: Chapter 9 Summary The police investigation reduces what happened to the simplest possible terms: that Wilson was deranged by grief and killed Gatsby at random. Myrtle’s sister doesn’t tell the police about Myrtle having an affair. Rumors again swirl around Gatsby, and uninvited people again come to his mansion to gawk at where the murder-suicide happened (just like when they came to gawk at his parties).Nick is the only person who is still interested in Gatsby as a human being, and becomes a kind of representative for him - both about the rumors, and also about the logistics of dealing with his body and effects. Daisy and Tom have already left with no forwarding address by the time Nick tries to call them about Gatsby’s death. Nick tries to find Wolfshiem, but can’t get in touch with him. Wolfshiem sends a perfunctory-sounding letter, but at least agrees to come to Gatsby’s funeral. Nick answers the phone at Gatsby’s house, expecting it to be Daisy, but instead it is someone associated with Gatsby’s criminal enterprise. We get a quick idea that Gatsby was indeed doing something bigger than bootlegging - something to do with stolen or counterfeit bonds. The man hangs up without another word when Nick tells him that Gatsby is dead. Three days later, Nick gets a telegram from Henry C. Gatz - Gatsby’s father. He read about Gatsby’s death in a Chicago newspaper and is coming to the funeral from Minnesota. When Mr. Gatz shows up, it’s clear that he is still pretty poor. He is in awe of what his son has been able to accomplish, and clearly loves him very much. Gatz is clearly all in on the idea of the American Dream, comparing Gatsby to a famous rags-to-riches railroad magnate. When Gatz asks Nick to identify himself, Nick calls himself Gatsby’s close friend. That night, Ewing Klipspringer, the guy who crashed at Gatsby’s for most of the summer, calls. Nick assumes that he’ll be coming to the funeral, but Klipspringer is only calling to get back a pair of shoes he left behind. The day of the funeral, Nick goes to see Meyer Wolfshiem in person. Wolfshiem’s secretary lies and says that Wolfshiem is Chicago, but when Nick mentions Gatsby’s name, he’s shown into Wolfshiem’s office. Wolfshiem fills in some more details about Gatsby’s past. After Gatsby got out of the army, he met Wolfshiem at a pool hall and asked for a job. Wolfshiem saw the potential in Gatsby’s good looks and his â€Å"Oxford man† aspirations. Gatsby used these qualities to make connections in places where Wolfshiem himself couldn’t get in. Wolfshiem explains that he can’t come to Gatsby’s funeral - he doesn’t want to be anywhere near a crime scene. Back at the mansion, Mr. Gatz shows Nick a picture of the Gatsby’s mansion that Gatsby had sent back home. He also shows him a western that Gatsby had loved to read. The back page has a schedule Gatsby had written for himself to follow, and a list of self-improvement initiatives he had undertaken. No one seems to be coming to the funeral, and it starts to rain, so Nick, Mr. Gatz, and the minister drive to the cemetery.The man with the owl-eyed glasses (the one who had been marveling at Gatsby’s library of unread books in Chapter 3) suddenly shows up to mourn with them. Nick doesn’t know either his name or how he knew to be there. Nick flashes back to a childhood memory of coming home from boarding school. He compares the Midwest that he (and Gatsby, Tom, and Daisy) come from to the East coast where they each made so many mistakes. Nick decides that he is fundamentally a Midwesterner and needs to go back. Nick goes to hash things out with Jordan. When she tells him that she’s engaged (which seems unlikely, since it’s only been one week since they broke up), he suddenly wants to get back together, but thinks better of it. She does tell Nick that she felt very hurt when he broke up with her, but she seems completely over it. Jordan calls Nick out on his self-satisfaction with being scrupulously honest - was he dishonest with her about his feelings? Several months later, Nick sees Tom in Manhattan and refuses to shake hands with him. Nick asks Tom what Tom told Wilson in the garage the night Myrtle was killed. Tom fesses up that he told Wilson whose car ran over Myrtle (which answers the mystery of how Wilson was able to find Gatsby). Tom argues that telling Wilson the truth would have put Tom in danger, since Wilson had a gun. Nick is horrified - after all, it wasn’t Gatsby who ran over Myrtle. It was Daisy. But he realizes that Tom is a spoiled child and tries to let his anger go. Gatsby’s mansion goes to seed. Before he leaves New York for good, Nick scrapes an obscene word off itsstairs, and then goes to the dock to think about the green light on Daisy’s dock and Gatsby’s hopes and dreams. Nick thinks about what this island looked like to Dutch sailors who crossed the Atlantic, and thinks about how we live in the perpetual hope of a better future with a total disregard for the past. Despite his lavish parties, despite all the outlandish rumors about him, Gatsby never really earned the respect of anyone except Nick. Key Chapter 9 Quotes I found myself on Gatsby's side, and alone. From the moment I telephoned news of the catastrophe to West Egg village, every surmise about him, and every practical question, was referred to me. At first I was surprised and confused; then, as he lay in his house and didn't move or breathe or speak hour upon hour it grew upon me that I was responsible, because no one else was interestedinterested, I mean, with that intense personal interest to which every one has some vague right at the end. (9.3) Just like during his life, after his death, rumors swirl around Gatsby. Usually, death makes people treat even the most ambiguous figures with therespect that’s supposedly owed to the dead. But Gatsby’sdeathonly invites more speculation, gawking, and a circus-like atmosphere. Note that even here, Nick still does not acknowledge his feelings of friendship and admiration for Gatsby. Instead, he claims to be the point person for Gatsby is funeral because of a general sense that â€Å"everyone† deserves someone to take a personal interest. But of course, there is no such right, as evidenced by the fact that Nick is the only person who cares about Gatsby as a human being rather than a sideshow. After a little while Mr. Gatz opened the door and came out, his mouth ajar, his face flushed slightly, his eyes leaking isolated and unpunctual tears. He had reached an age where death no longer has the quality of ghastly surprise, and when he looked around him now for the first time and saw the height and splendor of the hall and the great rooms opening out from it into other rooms his grief began to be mixed with an awed pride. (9.43) Gatsby’s father is the only person who has the kind of response to this mansion that Gatsby could have hoped for. Everyone else has found it either gaudy, vulgar, or fake. Perhaps this shows that for all his attempts to cultivate himself, Gatsby could never escape the tastes and ambitions of a Midwestern farm boy. After that I felt a certain shame for Gatsbyone gentleman to whom I telephoned implied that he had got what he deserved. However, that was my fault, for he was one of those who used to sneer most bitterly at Gatsby on the courage of Gatsby's liquor and I should have known better than to call him. (9.69) Gatsby was unable to parlay his hospitality into any genuine connection with anyone besides Nick, who seems to have liked him despite the parties rather than because of them. This highlights a clash of values between the new, anything-goes East and the older, more traditionally correct West. The East is a place where someone could come to a party and then insult the host - and then imply that a murdered man had it coming! Compare this to the moment when Gatsby feels uneasy making a scene when having lunch with Tom and Daisy because "I can't say anything in his house, old sport." (7.102). "When a man gets killed I never like to get mixed up in it in any way. I keep out. When I was a young man it was differentif a friend of mine died, no matter how, I stuck with them to the end. You may think that's sentimental but I mean itto the bitter end†¦.Let us learn to show our friendship for a man when he is alive and not after he is dead," he suggested. "After that my own rule is to let everything alone." (9.95-99) Wolfshiem’s refusal to come to Gatsby’s funeral is extremely self-serving. He is using this quasi-philosophical excuse in order to protect himself from being anywhere near a crime scene. However, in a novel which is at least partly concerned with how morality can be generated in a place devoid of religion, Wolfshiem’s explanation of his behavior confirms that the culmination of this kind of thinking is treating people as disposable. It also plays into the novel’s overriding idea that the American Dream is based on a willful desire to forget and ignore the past, instead straining for a potentially more exciting or more lucrative future. Part of forgetting the past is forgetting the people that are no longer here, so for Wolfshiem, even a close relationship like the one he had with Gatsby has to immediately be pushed to the side once Gatsby is no longer alive. I tried to think about Gatsby then for a moment but he was already too far away and I could only remember, without resentment, that Daisy hadn't sent a message or a flower. Dimly I heard someone murmur "Blessed are the dead that the rain falls on," and then the owl-eyed man said "Amen to that," in a brave voice. (9.6) The theme of forgetting continues here. For Nick, Gatsby the man is already â€Å"too far away† to remember distinctly. Perhaps it is this kind of forgetting that allows Nick to think about Daisy without anger. On the one hand, in order to continue through life, you need to be able to separate yourself from the tragedies that have befallen. But on the other hand, this easy letting go of painful memories in the past leads to the kind of abandonment that follows Gatsby’s death. When we pulled out into the winter night and the real snow, our snow, began to stretch out beside us and twinkle against the windows, and the dim lights of small Wisconsin stations moved by, a sharp wild brace came suddenly into the air. We drew in deep breaths of it as we walked back from dinner through the cold vestibules, unutterably aware of our identity with this country for one strange hour before we melted indistinguishably into it again. That's my middle westnot the wheat or the prairies or the lost Swede towns but the thrilling, returning trains of my youth and the street lamps and sleigh bells in the frosty dark and the shadows of holly wreaths thrown by lighted windows on the snow. I am part of that, a little solemn with the feel of those long winters, a little complacent from growing up in the Carraway house in a city where dwellings are still called through decades by a family's name. I see now that this has been a story of the West, after allTom and Gatsby, Daisy and Jordan and I, were all Westerners, and perhaps we possessed some deficiency in common which made us subtly unadaptable to Eastern life. (9.124-125) All along, the novel has juxtaposed the values and attitudes of the rich to those of the lower classes. However here, in this chapter, as Nick is starting to pull away from New York, the contrast shifts to comparing the values of the Midwest to those of the East. Here, the dim lights, the realness, and the snow are natural foils for the bright lights and extremely hot weather associated in the novel with Long Island and the party scene. They were careless people, Tom and Daisythey smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made. . . . (9.146) Nick’s summary judgment of Tom and Daisy seems harsh but fair. They are people who do not have to answer for their actions and are free to ignore the consequences of what they do. This is one of the ways in which their marriage, dysfunctional as it is, works well. They both understand that they just don’t need to worry about anything that happens in the same way that everyone else does. It is interesting to consider how this cycle will perpetuate itself with Pammy, their daughter. On the last night, with my trunk packed and my car sold to the grocer, I went over and looked at that huge incoherent failure of a house once more. On the white steps an obscene word, scrawled by some boy with a piece of brick, stood out clearly in the moonlight and I erased it, drawing my shoe raspingly along the stone. Then I wandered down to the beach and sprawled out on the sand. (9.150) It’s fitting that Nick feels responsible for erasing the bad word. His whole project in this book has been to protect Gatsby's reputation and to establish his legacy. Otherwise, without someone to notice and remark on Gatsby’s achievement, nothing would remain to indicate that this man had managed to elevate himself from a Midwesternfarm to glittering luxury. Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that's no mattertomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther. . . . And one fine morning So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. (9.153-154) Check out our very in-depth analysis of this extremely famous last sentence, last paragraphs, and last section of the book. Think about the amount of effort involved in this process of constantly sailing against the current. Maybe this is the fundamental mismatch between Gatsby and Daisy. She is a creature of passivity, and he is a swan - gliding gracefully above the water, while paddling furiously just below it to stay afloat. The Great Gatsby Chapter 9 Analysis Let's now consider how the novel's key themes are addressed in this chapter. Themes and Symbols The American Dream. Gatsby’s dreams might be over, and Nick might be so disillusioned that he goes back home, but the American Dream persists unabated. On the one hand, the boys who cluster around Gatsby’s mansion are a new generation who are starting to buy into the cult of celebrity and the greedy ambition that propels many of the novel’s characters. On the other hand, Jordan’s ability to wave off the past without a second thought seems to be spreading - Wolfshiem and even Nick himself talk about quickly forgetting Gatsby. Mutability of Identity. Conversely, the inability to escape the past also plays a part in this chapter, as we learn that for Nick, this has been a story of Midwesterners trying to go east and failing. Most importantly, the last line of the novelsays that despite the fact that we struggle to move upstream, the current of our past is always working against our forward progress. Plot-wise, too, the last chapter is full of callbacks to the past. We meet up with characters who we thought were gone for good (Tom and Jordan), we get yet one more digressive explanation of Gatsby’s youth from Wolfshiem, and of course Gatsby’s actual past shows up in the figure of his father, Henry Gatz. Mr. Gatz is floored by what his son has made of himself. Very importantly, he is the only person who has the reaction that Gatsby would have wanted to his mansion, and he is the one who comes with a relic of Gatsby’s youthful dreams (the schedule and list of self-improvement resolutions). Symbols: The Eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg. The return of the man with owl eye glasses links this chapter to the novel’s obsession with eyes and seeing. Like Tom, Owl-Eyes immediately saw through Gatsby at the party - but crucially, Owl-Eyes perceived Gatsby’s false front as an example of a genius bit of theater rather than a lie. Like the giant billboard of disembodied eyes that haunts the ashheaps, Owl-Eyes seems to be able to see more than the average - but, importantly, he is actually able to render a judgment since he is sentient. At Gatsby’s funeral, this clear vision is clouded, as Owl-Eyes is constantly wiping fog off his glasses. And the fact that the man comes to mourn Gatsby seems to indicate that his judgment is a merciful, excusing one. Do the glasses make him wise like an owl? Predatory? All-seeing? Or does the fact that they are glasses mean that he doesn’t actually have any wisdom or clear sight? Crucial Character Beats Nick tries to find anyone at all to come to Gatsby’s funeral, but fails. Not even Wolfshiem will come. Daisy and Tom have left town for good, with no forwarding address. Henry Gatz, Gatsby’s father, hears about Gatsby’s death and come to the funeral from Minnesota. He is in awe of his son’s accomplishments. No one except the owl-eyed glasses man that Nick had met at one of Gatsby’s parties comes to the funeral. Nick reconnects briefly with Jordan, who tell him that she is engaged. Nick runs into Tom, who admits telling Wilson that it was Gatsby’s car that hit Myrtle. Nick decides to go back to the Midwest. What’s Next? Solvethe final pieces of the puzzle of Gatsby’s pastwiththe novel’s timeline. Consider the way this last chapter discusses the existence of the American Dream. Is the kind of hope and optimism that this ideal promotes worthwhile, or does it result in self-delusions and disappointment? Imagine the rest of Nick’s life by analyzing his character, motivations, and attitudes. Has this whole novel in reality been a coming-of-age story about him? Revisit the summary of Chapter 8or wrap back around to see how the novel began. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition - Essay Example The Fifth Edition of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB5) is a relatively new revised method, but has a unique history (figure 1). In 1905, Binet and Simon developed the first formal intelligence test, and Louis Terman created the Stanford-Binet Scale in 1916; this final scale was revised in 1937, 1960, 1986, and 2003. The first versions used items to address functional abilities, and were arranged by levels. The Fifth Edition is a standardized intelligence battery that can be administered to people from ages 2 to 85 years. According to Strauss (2006) the main purpose of the revision was â€Å"to expand the range of the test, to allow assessment of very low and very high levels of cognitive ability†, and to increase its clinical applications (see table 1).The SB5 is based on the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive functioning, which is considered â€Å"one of the well-validated, comprehensive models of cognitive functioning† (Fiorello and Primerano, 2 005). Johnson (2007) describes the Stanford-Binet as â€Å"a comprehensive, norm-referenced individually administered test of intelligence and cognitive abilities†. The test is consists of five factors, which include Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Working Memory; each factor is further divided in verbal and non-verbal subtests (table 2). The Abbreviated Battery IQ scale consists of two routing subtests: one nonverbal (Object Series/Matrices) and one verbal (Vocabulary) (Coolican, J. et al, 2008).... Johnson (2007) describes the Stanford-Binet as "a comprehensive, norm-referenced individually administered test of intelligence and cognitive abilities". The test is consists of five factors, which include Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Working Memory; each factor is further divided in verbal and non-verbal subtests (table 2). The Abbreviated Battery IQ scale consists of two routing subtests: one nonverbal (Object Series/Matrices) and one verbal (Vocabulary) (Coolican, J. et al, 2008). The fifth revision retains the routing subtest technique, and routing subsets and functional levels were redesigned. Johnson (2007) further states that a Working Memory factor was added "because it has been shown to be related to both reading and math achievement". Table 1. Main goals of the Fifth Revision. Restoring the original toys and manipulatives for assessing preschoolers that had been removed in recent versions Increasing clinical utility. Updating materials Increasing non verbal items Increasing the range of domains measured by the test Source: Strauss, E. et al. 2006. Table 2. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, 5th ed. Factor Measures Fluid Reasoning The ability to solve nonverbal and verbal problems using reasoning skills Knowledge Fund of general information Quantitative Reasoning Ability to work with numbers and solve numerical problems Visual Spatial Processing Ability to see patterns, relationships, and spatial orientations Working Memory Ability to store, sort and transform information in short-term memory. Source: Coolican, J. et al, 2008. How well a test is standardized provides information

Union Grievance Process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Union Grievance Process - Research Paper Example Union Grievance Process â€Å"A grievance is defined within a collective bargaining agreement (CBA). In general, a CBA may establish that a grievance arises when an employer violates a provision of the CBA, state or federal law, or "past practice"†(Johnson). More precisely, grievance is a written complaint registered by the employee about his employment right violations. This paper analyses various dimensions of union grievance process. Even though the term collective bargaining is quiet familiar to us, it was first used by the renowned economist Sidney Webb in 1891. However, the term collective bargaining gained prominence in the nineteenth century when trade unions were started to evolve in organizational world. Since grievance is accommodated within the CBA’s, the case of grievance or Union Grievance Process was also evolved along with the CBA’s. In fact, by 1944 the Bureau of Labor Statistics showed that 73% of all labor contracts in America contained arbitration clauses and by the early 1980’s that figure had grown to 95%. The purposes of grievance procedures are; â€Å"To resolve disputes arising in the workplace, To provide contract interpretations, To protect the employees' and union's negotiated contract rights, To establish precedent, To ensure uniform treatment of employees, To maintain relative peace in the workplace†(Processing Grievances, p.502). It is difficult for an employee to work positively if he feels that some of his employment rights were disallowed by the employer. Same way it is impossible for the employer to ensure better productivity from the employees if the employer fails to keep positive relationships with the employees. Grievances help both the employer and the employee to settle their issues and strengthen their cooperation for mutual benefits. In other words, grievances are not only beneficial to the employees, but also to the employer. In most of the cases, employee will try to settle the issues with his employer directly or individually. However, in some cases, it c ould be difficult for the employee to argue present his arguments successfully in front of the employer. For example, if an employer dismisses or suspends an employee without genuine reasons, it is difficult for the employee to convince the employer with his arguments. If the employee is a trade union member, he will try to solve his problems with the help of the union, in such circumstances. When a trade union, negotiates with the employer to solve the problems of an employee or group of employees, the process will be referred as union grievance process. â€Å"The grievance process enforces the collective bargaining agreement, which establishes the memberships' terms and conditions of employment† (Johnson). Grievances are taking place in all the departments of an organization even though the details of some of them could be kept confidential. Union grievance process consists of certain procedures. The case of union grievance process begins when an employee approaches his imm ediate supervisor with a problem, dispute or employment right violation complaint. â€Å"If an employee brings forward an alleged violation of the collective agreement, the

Different Reactions From The Brine Shrimp Biology Essay

Different Reactions From The Brine Shrimp Biology Essay The objective of the Pharmacology Lab is to find the lethal chemical(s) or the LD50 relevant to a certain genus. In order for a chemical to be considered the LD50, 50% of the population of the organism present in a container must die. A total of three trials and four tests are completed to determine whether or not the chemical has the ability to kill the brine shrimp. The three trials contain 5mL of the chemical in each container, while the four tests have different amounts of the chemical in each container. The amount of water used for both the trials and tests remain constant at 40mL. Once the correct amount of the required substances and brine shrimp are placed into their respective and labeled containers for both trials and tests, they are then moved under a desk light. For the next duration of time, the death rate of the brine shrimp and the physical or behavioral changes visible are observed and recorded. After performing the experiments, the data shows that a great number of t hese selected regular household items have deadly chemicals in them that can kill other living organisms if given the right amount of dosage, including humans. Out of all five products, the LD50 was only found in soda and hydrogen peroxide. Lemon juice, nail polish remover, and hand sanitizer were not considered the LD50 because the death rate percentage was higher than 50%. This research provides a better understanding of how toxic household chemicals are. Products that were created for consuming such as the Lemon Juice and Soda were found to instantly and over a certain amount of time, kill the brine shrimp once in contact. II. Introduction In this experiment, one of the main purposes is to find the LD50 of several household chemicals on Brine Shrimp. LD means lethal dose of a certain product. The LD50 formula gives the estimate of deaths of half a population when receiving the molarity of each chemical. A possible solution to this problem is to perform and experiment where an organism is tested on with different types of chemicals for the death rate. Brine shrimp, the genus used, are aquatic crustaceans that can be grown by adding water and brine shrimp eggs into a tank. This process takes approximately two days. Brine shrimp lives in salt water, but can also survive in regular water for 24 hours. Completing this experiment determines whether they can survive a certain about of chemicals in different time intervals. This lab contains five different chemicals including: nail polish remover, hydrogen peroxide, lemon juice, hand sanitizer, and lemon soda. These household chemicals are tested as the positive controls, whil e the negative control is water. With five positive controls, there would be different results from each chemical. As the experiment takes place through four tests; each containing 3 trials; the observation of the deaths of brine shrimp demonstrates the amount of time they can survive in new obscure habitats. The test of each chemical shows whether there are traces of deadly substances, which could help find the measures of toxicity in each chemical. Testing the toxicity by molarity and time shows the maximum amount of toxicity that humans can handle to be able to survive. The experiment is an example of how living organisms react to chemicals. The brine shrimp will play the role of the organism. However, different organisms will have different reactions depending on their adaptations and physical traits. As the brine shrimp take in the chemicals, the inability to survive increases. The death of the aquatic crustaceans shows how toxic harmless household chemicals can truly be.This lab will explore the ingredients from the five chemicals used. The observations of the LD50 will determine which chemical is deadlier than the others, causing the public to be more aware of these fatal factors. III. Methods: The brine shrimp are grown by adding water and brine shrimp eggs into a tank. Brine shrimp takes two days to mature enough to be experimented on. The lethal chemical(s) or the LD50 are found by placing different substances mixed with water into containers with nine brine shrimp. Through a series of tests and trials, the lethal chemicals are distinguished. A total of three trials and four tests are completed to determine whether or not the chemical has the ability to kill the brine shrimp. The three trials contain 5ml of the chemical in each container, while the four tests have different amounts of the chemical in each container; (5ml, 10ml, 15ml, and 20ml). The amount of water used for both the trials and tests remain constant at 40ml. Once the correct amount of the required substances the brine shrimp are placed into their labeled containers for both trials and tests. Next, the Brine shrimp are moved under a desk light because they are attracted to any form of light. The death rate and physical or behavioral changes of the brine shrimp are observed and recorded in tests with intervals of 10-minute trials and 5-30 minutes. This lab consists of four tests and three trials for five different chemicals to find the LD50. The positive controls include: Super Chill Lemon Lime soda, hydrogen peroxide, House Recipe lemon juice, 2.2 oz. of Assured Aloe Vera scented hand sanitizer and 2.2 oz. of ONYX Professional lavender scented nail polish remover, while the negative control is water throughout the entire experiment. For each test, there are three trials performed beforehand. Twenty seven brine shrimp are needed for the trials. For each of the three trials, nine brine shrimp are obtained from the twenty seven. Then, 40mL of distilled water is added to the brine shrimp container through pipettes and graduated cylinders; the total volume of water for each trial is 40mL in order to maintain consistency. From each chemical, 5mL are added into the labeled containers of the 40 mL distilled water. Once all substances are added, the containers are placed under direct light from a desk lamp because brine shrimp are att racted to light. Through five tests after the three trials, various amounts of nail polish remover, hydrogen peroxide, lemon juice, hand sanitizer, and Sprite soda are added to its assigned containers. For each test, there will be four containers for the different amounts used of each chemical. The first container contains 5mL of the chemical while the other three containers will have an increase of 5mL from the prior container. This process will be done five times for the five chemicals used. The counts of deceased shrimp after each time interval are recorded over a course of 5 minutes to 30 minutes in percentages. Different reactions from the brine shrimp were recorded in the data table as well as pictures being taken. This procedure was used according to the outline given in order to achieve the objective of this lab. Given a certain the amount of time, three trials and four tests were used. In the procedure, several changes were included, instead of adding 40ml of water with the nine brine shrimp, 40ml of water was added to the desired chemical first to have enough time to collect the brine shrimp for the specific trial and test. IV. Data Data table for Trial: Peroxide (3 trials total) @ (5ml of chemical) PH: 7 Time interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 10 mins move erratically; attracted to light; hitting against the cup 0% 0 10 mins move erratically, attracted to light 11% 1 10 mins move erratically, attracted to light 11% 1 Data table for Test: Peroxide 5mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 0% 0 10 min has bubbles 0% 0 15 min has bubbles 22% 2 20 min has bubbles 22% 2 25 min has bubbles 33% 3 30 min has bubbles 33% 3 Data table for Test: Peroxide 10mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 44% 4 10 min has bubbles 44% 4 15 min has bubbles 44% 4 20 min has bubbles 44% 4 25 min has bubbles 44% 4 30 min has bubbles 44% 4 Data table for Test: Peroxide 15mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 33% 3 10 min has bubbles 44% 4 15 min has bubbles 44% 4 20 min has bubbles 55% 5 25 min has bubbles 55% 5 30 min has bubbles 55% 5 Data table for Test: Peroxide 20mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 33% 3 10 min has bubbles 33% 3 15 min shrimp turn orange 44% 4 20 min has bubbles 55% 5 25 min has bubbles 55% 5 30 min has bubbles 55% 5 Data table for Trial: Nail Polish Remover (3 trials total) @ (5ml of chemical) PH: 7 Time interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 10 mins hitting against the cup under the light 22% 2 10 mins hitting against the cup under the light 22% 2 10 mins hitting against the cup under the light 22% 2 Data table for Test: Nail Polish 5mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 11% 1 10 min has bubbles 22% 2 15 min has bubbles 22% 2 20 min has bubbles 55% 5 25 min has bubbles 66% 6 30 min has bubbles 66% 6 Data table for Test: Nail Polish 10mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 100% 9 10 min has bubbles 100% 9 15 min has bubbles 100% 9 20 min has bubbles 100% 9 25 min has bubbles 100% 9 30 min has bubbles 100% 9 Data table for Test: Nail Polish 15mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 100% 9 10 min has bubbles 100% 9 15 min has bubbles 100% 9 20 min has bubbles 100% 9 25 min has bubbles 100% 9 30 min has bubbles 100% 9 Data table for Test: Nail Polish 20mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min has bubbles 100% 9 10 min has bubbles 100% 9 -15 min has bubbles 100% 9 20 min has bubbles 100% 9 25 min has bubbles 100% 9 30 min has bubbles 100% 9 Data table for Trial: Lemon (3 trials total) @ (5ml of chemical) PH: 2 Time interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 10 mins some floats 100% 9 10 mins transparent with some orange 100% 9 10 mins completely transparent 100% 9 Data table for Test: Lemon 5 mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min completely transparent 100% 9 10 min completely transparent 100% 9 15 min completely transparent 100% 9 20 min completely transparent 100% 9 25 min completely transparent 100% 9 30 min completely transparent 100% 9 Data table for Test: Lemon 10mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min completely transparent 100% 9 10 min completely transparent 100% 9 15 min completely transparent 100% 9 20 min completely transparent 100% 9 25 min completely transparent 100% 9 30 min completely transparent 100% 9 Data table for Test: Lemon 15mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min completely transparent 100% 9 10 min completely transparent 100% 9 15 min completely transparent 100% 9 20 min completely transparent 100% 9 25 min completely transparent 100% 9 30 min completely transparent 100% 9 Data table for Test: Lemon 20mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min completely transparent 100% 9 10 min completely transparent 100% 9 15 min completely transparent 100% 9 20 min completely transparent 100% 9 25 min completely transparent 100% 9 30 min completely transparent 100% 9 Data table for Trial: Hand Sanitizer (3 trials total) @ (5ml of chemical) PH: 7 Time interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 10 mins shrimp turns orange 33% 3 10 mins all on the bottom 33% 3 10 mins against the wall 22% 2 Data table for Test: Hand Sanitizer 5 mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min turns orange 66% 6 10 min turns orange 66% 6 15 min turns orange 77% 7 20 min turns orange 77% 7 25 min turns orange 100% 9 30 min turn orange 100% 9 Data table for Test: Hand Sanitizer- 10mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min turns orange 22% 2 10 min turns orange 33% 3 15 min turns orange 55% 5 20 min turns orange 55% 5 25 min turns orange 88% 8 30 min turns orange 100% 9 Data table for Test:Hand Sanitizer- 15mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min turns orange 44% 4 10 min turns orange 66% 6 15 min turns orange 66% 6 20 min turns orange 66% 6 25 min turns orange 77% 7 30 min turns orange 100% 9 Data table for Test: Hand Sanitizer- 20mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min turns orange 88% 8 10 min turns orange 88% 8 15 min turns orange 100% 9 20 min turns orange 100% 9 25 min turns orange 100% 9 30 min turns orange 100% 9 Data table for Trial: soda (3 trials total) @ (5ml of chemical) PH: 7 Time interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 10 mins bubbles 22% 2 10 mins some are orange 22% 2 10 mins some are orange 22% 2 Data table for Test: soda 5 mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min bubbles 11% 1 10 min bubbles 11% 1 15 min bubbles 11% 1 20 min bubbles 11% 1 25 min bubbles 22% 2 30 min bubbles 22% 2 Data table for Test: soda 10mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min bubbles 55% 5 10 min bubbles 55% 5 15 min bubbles 55% 5 20 min bubbles 55% 5 25 min bubbles 55% 5 30 min bubbles 55% 5 Data table for Test: soda- 15mL Time Interval Observations Deaths (%) Deaths (#) 5 min bubbles 44% 4 10 min bubbles 44% 4 15 min bubbles 55% 5 20 min bubbles 66% 6 25 min bubbles 66% 6 30 min bubbles 77% 7 Data table for Test: soda 20mL: Time Interval Observations Death (%) Deaths (#) 5 min bubbles 88% 8 10 min bubbles 88% 8 15 min bubbles 88% 8 20 min bubbles 88% 8 25 min bubbles 88% 8 30 min bubbles 88% 8 V. Analysis The LD50 for hydrogen peroxide is approximately 0.24 molars. Hydrogen peroxide has 3% Hydrogen Peroxide (Stabilized), Purpose First Aid Antiseptic/Oral Debriding Agent. Its Inactive Ingredient is Purified Water. Hydrogen peroxide is a deteriorizing agent that is commonly used as a hair bleach when diluted. An Oral debriding agent describes what the hydrogen peroxide can do. This means that the hydrogen peroxide when diulted in water can help heal minor mouth and gum irritation. Since all living organisms have an enzyme called peroxidase, it helps decompose low concentrations hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. . There is no LD50 for nail polish remover. Nail Polish remover has the ingredients: Acetone, aqua, denatonium benzoate, tocopheryl acetate, aloe barbadensis leaf juice, parfum(means perfume in french), Cl 45410(dye), Cl 60730(dye). Denatonium benzoate is a chemical compound known to prevent and discourage people from drinking harmful products. Tocopheryl acetate, also known as vitamin E acetate provides beneficial antioxidant effects. Aloe barbadensis leaf juice, also know as Aloe Vera is a plant. When consumed, it can help relieve irritable bowel syndrome and heartburn. Acetone is an organic compound that is a colorless and flammable liquid. Concluding that acetone is the lethal ingredient and causes the death of the brine shrimp when ingested, it will cause liver problems, which causes the liver to have a hard time breaking them down. Large intake of acetone can lead to unconsciousness and death. There was no LD50 for Lemon; the ingredients in the lemon juice packets include water, lemon juice concentrate, sodium benzoate, sodium bisulfite, and lemon oil. Sodium Benozoate is a type of salt often used a preservative because it works well at killing bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Sodium bisulfite is a food addictive. When in contact with chlorine bleach, it will release harmful fumes.The brine shrimp died within 20 minutes because of the sodium benzoate in the lemon juice packet, which is a type of salt mixed together with vitamin C causes a carcinogen substance called benzene. Benzene is a carcinogen because when exposed into the air, it can cause leukemia. Eating or drinking substances with high levels of benzene can cause vomiting, dizziness, sleepiness, and or death. It may not be lethal enough to kill humans yet, but having a high amount of the lemon juice packets can potentially kill a human or any living organism. There is no LD50 for Hand Sanitizer but the graph decreases and increases because there was a slight change in the number of brine shrimp needed in each container. The ingredients contained in this chemical are: water, triethanolamine, glycerin, propylene glycol, aloe barbadensis gel(another form of aloe vera), carbomer, fragrance, blue 1(dye), yellow 5(dye), and 62% ethyl alcohol. Triethanolamine is a chemical compound that occasionally causes contact allergy. Glycerin is a simple alcohol compound that is used as a sweetener and sometimes a preservative in food and beverages. Propylene glycol is an organic compound used in many applications such as a food addictive called E number 1520, moisturizer in medicine, and a solvent for food coloring. Carbomer is a synthetic polymer that forms an adhesive eye gel. 62% ethyl alcohol is a flammable liquid used as solvents and fuel. The brine shrimp died because of the 62% ethyl alcohol in the hand sanitizer, when consumed can cause death. Alt hough used in wine and any alcoholic drinks, the drinks only contain small concentrations of alcohol, legal enough to drink. The LD50 for Super chill lemon lime soda is approximately 0.19 molars. The ingredients in the soda are carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, citric acid, natural flavors, potassium citrate and potassium benzoate. High frutose corn syrup is comprised of many corn syrups that has undergone enzymatic(enzymes that catalyze) process that converts glucose into frutose for desired sweetness. There have been health concerns about raising the risks of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is a natural preservative and used to add a sour taste to food and soft drinks. Contact with dry citric acid can result in skin or eye irritation. potassium citrate is a food addictive and used to regulate acidity. It is also a potential health hazard when administered incorrectly. Elevated blood levels of potassium citrate can result in heart attacks and death. Potassium benzoate is a food preservative that inhibits the growth of yeast, mold, and some bacteria. T he reason why the brine shrimp died because of potassium citrate in the soft drink. Too much potassium citrate can cause irregular heartbeat and a risk of having a heart attack. Although there are potassium citrate pills sold in stores, they are only recommended if the person had been having a case of fatigue or muscle weakness. The kidney is responsible for eliminating excess potassium in the body. The molarity formula: iM1V1=1M2V2 was used to find the LD50 and true concentration of each chemical after all the substance has been added to container and totaled. The LD50 for Hydrogen Peroxide is 0.24 molars. The LD50 for Super Chill lemon lime soda is 0.19 molars. There are no LD50 for lemon, nail polish remover, and hand sanitizer because the deaths were higher than fifty percent. The standard deviation at 20 ml for Hydrogen Peroxide is approximately 0.833, for Nail Polish remover, lemon, hand sanitizer, and soda is 0. The chemicals included in this experiment are normally used in everyday use in the household. Chemicals such as peroxide are used to clean injuries or cuts. Hand sanitizer is used to clean 99.9% of bacteria on hands. Nail polish remover is used for getting the nail polish off of the fingernails. Lemon juice packets are used in making the dressing for a salad. The LD50 for Nail Polish remover is 1.159 g/kg for humans when digested. Unfortunately, the LD50 for the r est of chemicals are unavailable because they have only been conducted on rats and mice. Although the results of the data were both consistent and gradual in terms of death percentages, a few of the brine shrimp died before 5 minutes of data was recorded. This indicated that the brine shrimp could not live in the high toxicity levels on some of the chemicals used in this experimentation even with the addition of water. VI. Conclusion This lab is significant because the participants are able to discover the true dangers of certain household products such as hydrogen peroxide, soda, hand sanitizer, lemon juice, and nail polish remover. With everyday household chemicals, a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health can be affected, thus finding the LD50 will tell us how toxic a certain item is. The use of the LD50 is to study the amount of a chemical that will kill 50% of the tested animal, which will show us how dangerous a product can truly be. Some insights include the participants testing the dangers of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“harmlessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  products. The lab offered similarities and an opportunity for a hands on experience of the procedures a toxicologist, like finding the cause and effects of poison. By using mathematical formulas like the molarity formula and the standard deviation formula, accurate and reliable data was collected to find the true concentration of the LD50 chemicals. For example, the data and calculat ions from these formulas show that one of the chemicals, Hydrogen Peroxide is the LD50 with a molarity of 0.24 molars. The data tables show that chemicals like the lemon juice, nail polish remover, and hand sanitizer are not the LD50. This is most likely due to the fact that these products contain amounts of citric acid and alcohol which results in death rates that are over 50%. In the trials and tests, many occurrences of errors and mistakes which could have affected the outcome of the results. In one of the hand sanitizer tests, 18mL was added into the mixture of substance instead of 20mL. Instead of counting the number of death at a certain time, some of the intervals were missed by a minute or two. This lab was not as accurate as expected because of the difficulties experienced during the beginning of the lab. For example, lotion was one of the chemicals to be tested on the brine shrimp prior to the lab. However, because the lotion was dense, it was difficult to mix with the wat er. Also, the color made it nearly impossible to see and count the brine shrimp. These errors could be easily avoided in the future by double checking the amount of a substance being added, keeping track of time, and using transparent products. For a clearer understanding several alterations of a procedure outline, being careful with the amount of measurements and constant data collection could be applied in the future.